Installation, Testing and Jointing of LT and HT Power Cables up to 33 KV

In the electrical power distribution and transmission system for urban and rural area, overhead lines are usually in major practice. Underground system was not favourable in developing and under developed countries. The main reason behind it was the much higher capital investment of underground cabling with respect to overhead bare conductors. But with the advancement in technology and market competition its cost is manageable for urban areas. This system requires more skills and planning for installation, jointing and termination rather than overhead lines. The presented paper is applied on power distribution system up to 33 KV. Keywords: LT/HT power cables, Installation, Jointing, Termination, Testing

Various Aspects and Analysis of Earthing/Grounding System for Protective and Functional Applications

Earthing or grounding means connection of neutral point or body / enclosure of a system with the ground mass to avoid any accident & smooth functioning of system whether it may be power system, fuel pipelines,  telecomm, lightning protection or data processing centres. It will transfer the undesired charge directly to the ground because impedance of such path will be very low. Earthing/Grounding is low impedance return path to fault currents. Earthing should provide at generating station/ESS (Electrical Sub Stations) & consumer’s premises as required. Presented paper is focussing on earthing essential, systems, design calculations, standard practices & applications. Keywords: Types of Systems/Electrodes, Installation, Fault/size calculations, Testing, Applications

Thermal performance evaluation of cellulose fibre as building insulation material

Space cooling has utilized lots of electricity in summers which has to be reduced by insulating inside of buildings. Thishas potential to reduce the environment pollution caused by higher expenditure of energy. The present work has the scope toevaluate thermal performance of a test model house providing cellulose fibre based cardboard insulation and compare theperformance with an uninsulated model. The addition of heat through roof, walls and net heat gain during the day hasremained lesser for insulated test model than uninsulated test model. The temperature of indoor air has stayed lesser in caseof insulated test model than the uninsulated test model during the day particularly in the interval from 12 hrs to 19 hrs Theindoor air temperature for the insulated test model has remained lesser by 7°C from 14 hrs till 16 hrs in comparison touninsulated test model. The energy and financial savings obtainable for summers has value of 144 kWh and Rs 864respectively for insulated test model. The carbon dioxide emitted has reduced for summers by 226 kg for insulated testmodel. Hence better thermal comfort conditions have existed in the insulated buildings

Liposomski sustavi za isporuku lijekova Klinička primjena

Liposomes have been widely investigated since 1970 as drug carriers for improving the delivery of therapeutic agents to specific sites in the body. As a result, numerous improvements have been made, thus making this technology potentially useful for the treatment of certain diseases in the clinics. The success of liposomes as drug carriers has been reflected in a number of liposome-based formulations, which are commercially available or are currently undergoing clinical trials. The current pharmaceutical preparations of liposome-based therapeutic systems mainly result from our understanding of lipid-drug interactions and liposome disposition mechanisms. The insight gained from clinical use of liposome drug delivery systems can now be integrated to design liposomes that can be targeted on tissues, cells or intracellular compartments with or without expression of target recognition molecules on liposome membranes. This review is mainly focused on the diseases that have attracted most attention with respect to liposomal drug delivery and have therefore yielded most progress, namely cancer, antibacterial and antifungal disorders. In addition, increased gene transfer efficiencies could be obtained by appropriate selection of the gene transfer vector and mode of delivery.Od 1970. godine liposomi se intenzivno istražuju kao nosači ljekovitih tvari za isporuku u određene dijelova organizma. Unapređenje i razvoj liposoma omogućili su njihovu kliničku primjenu u terapiji određenih bolesti. Na tržištu je prisutan određen broj ljekovitih oblika na bazi liposoma, a dio je još u kliničkim pokusima. Svi su oni rezultat boljeg razumjevanja raspodjele liposoma i interakcija između lipida i ljekovite tvari. Moguće je pripremiti liposome koji se mogu usmjeriti u određena tkiva, stanice ili međustanične prostore, sa ili bez vezanih molekula za prepoznavanje na površini membrane. Ovaj revijalni članak uglavnom obuhvaća liposome za terapiju karcinoma, bakterijskih i gljivičnih infekcija jer je u tim područjima primjena liposoma najviše opravdana i stoga najviše istraživana. Osim toga, pravilnim izborom vektora za prijenos gena i načina isporuke može se povećati i učinkovitost prijenosa gena

Liposomski sustavi za isporuku lijekova Klinička primjena

Liposomes have been widely investigated since 1970 as drug carriers for improving the delivery of therapeutic agents to specific sites in the body. As a result, numerous improvements have been made, thus making this technology potentially useful for the treatment of certain diseases in the clinics. The success of liposomes as drug carriers has been reflected in a number of liposome-based formulations, which are commercially available or are currently undergoing clinical trials. The current pharmaceutical preparations of liposome-based therapeutic systems mainly result from our understanding of lipid-drug interactions and liposome disposition mechanisms. The insight gained from clinical use of liposome drug delivery systems can now be integrated to design liposomes that can be targeted on tissues, cells or intracellular compartments with or without expression of target recognition molecules on liposome membranes. This review is mainly focused on the diseases that have attracted most attention with respect to liposomal drug delivery and have therefore yielded most progress, namely cancer, antibacterial and antifungal disorders. In addition, increased gene transfer efficiencies could be obtained by appropriate selection of the gene transfer vector and mode of delivery.Od 1970. godine liposomi se intenzivno istražuju kao nosači ljekovitih tvari za isporuku u određene dijelova organizma. Unapređenje i razvoj liposoma omogućili su njihovu kliničku primjenu u terapiji određenih bolesti. Na tržištu je prisutan određen broj ljekovitih oblika na bazi liposoma, a dio je još u kliničkim pokusima. Svi su oni rezultat boljeg razumjevanja raspodjele liposoma i interakcija između lipida i ljekovite tvari. Moguće je pripremiti liposome koji se mogu usmjeriti u određena tkiva, stanice ili međustanične prostore, sa ili bez vezanih molekula za prepoznavanje na površini membrane. Ovaj revijalni članak uglavnom obuhvaća liposome za terapiju karcinoma, bakterijskih i gljivičnih infekcija jer je u tim područjima primjena liposoma najviše opravdana i stoga najviše istraživana. Osim toga, pravilnim izborom vektora za prijenos gena i načina isporuke može se povećati i učinkovitost prijenosa gena

Inhibition of MAO and GABA: Probable mechanisms for antidepressant-like activity of <i style="">Nardostachys jatamansi</i> DC. in mice

212-218Ethanolic extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, po) of N. jatamansi administered for 14 successive days to Swiss young albino mice (either sex) produced significant antidepressant-like effect in both tail suspension and forced swim tests. The efficacy of the extract was found to be comparable to imipramine (15 mg/kg, po) and sertraline (20 mg/kg, po). Ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg, po) did not show any significant change on locomotor activity of mice as compared to control; hence it did not produce any motor effects. Further, the extract decreased the whole brain MAO-A and MAO-B activities as compared to control, thus increased the levels of monoamines. The antidepressant effect of the extract was also significantly reversed by pretreatment of animals with baclofen (GABAB agonist); when tested in tail suspension test. The results suggested that the antidepressant-like effect of the extract may also be due to interaction with GABAB receptors, resulting in decrease in the levels of GABA in mouse brain. Thus, the extract may have potential therapeutic value for the management of mental depression

Diagnostic application of recombinant equine merozoite surface antigen-1 in elisa for detection of Theileria equi specific antibodies

Theileria equi merozoite surface antigens have been an important candidate for development of diagnostics. We developed ELISA based on EMA-1 recombinant antigen, so as to widen our diagnostic confidence in detection of antibodies against T. equi in serosurveillance studies. The 547 bp EMA-1 gene fragment encoding high hydrophilic antigenic region was expressed with glutathione-S-transferase tag in prokaryotic system and purified protein (43 kDa) was used for development of ELISA (EMA-1t/ELISA). The EMA-1t/ELISA clearly differentiated T. equi-infected from Babesia caballi-infected horse sera or normal horse sera. The results of the study were validated with previously developed EMA-2ELISA on serum samples of known T. equi infection status and a very high correlation (0.93) was recorded between the relative percent positivity (RPP) values. Further diagnostic sensitivity of EMA-1t/ELISA was 0.92 while specificity was 1.0, indicating its suitability for sero-epidemiological studies. This assay was applied on serum samples (n ＝ 240) collected from field horses in northern part of India. High sero-prevalence of T. equi antibodies were diagnosed in serum samples collected from Haryana state (74%) and Uttarakhand state (36.31%). Results of this study suggested that the 43 kDa EMA-1 expressed protein could be a reliable immunodiagnostic antigen in ELISA for T. equi sero-prevalence studies

Ethno-medico-botany of household remedies of Kolayat tehsil in Bikaner district, Rajasthan

357-365Kolayat tehsil of Bikaner district is under transformation with water from Indira Gandhi Canal changing the predominantly silvipastoral land-use to agricultural land-use, thus endangering not only the loss/change of species but also loss of traditional knowledge. Therefore, ethno-medicinal appraisal of plant species in different villages of Kolayat tehsil was carried out by interviewing people of different castes like Meghwals, Jogis, Charans, Sardars, Purohits, Vishnois, Mohammedans, Joshis, Rajputs, Brahmins and Swamis. These plant uses along with other details like part used and the mode of administration revealed that 38 plant species were used for curing 23 types of ailments. These include pain killer, abortifacient, antifever, antispasmodic, antiasthmatic, hepatoprotective, diuretic, and many others. Prior to the present work, the Kolayat tehsil was ethno-medico botanically unexplored

Quantification of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents, and Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Vernonia cinerea

The present manuscript is focused to quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and to evaluate the free radical scavenging potential of a hydro-ethanolic extract of Vernonia cinerea. The Folin-Ciocalteau method was employed to estimate the total phenolic contents, while total flavonoid contents were determined by a colorimetric method using aluminium chloride. V. cinerea extract (VCE) was evaluated to scavenge several free radicals such as DPPH, superoxide and nitric oxide. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in VCE were found to be 112.41 ± 1.56 mgGAE/g and 13.61 ± 1.82 mgQE/g of dried extract respectively. VCE significantly scavenged DPPH, superoxide, and nitric oxide radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. Ascorbic acid was used as the reference compound to compare the antioxidant potential of VCE. The IC50 value was used to express the free radical scavenging capacity. The IC50 values of VCE against DPPH, superoxide, and nitric oxide free radicals were found to be 429.94, 451.72, and 400.74 μg/ml respectively. Conclusively, VCE contained a considerable amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents that might contribute to its antioxidant potential against DPPH, superoxide, and nitric oxide free radicals

Investigation of micro-hardness of H11 die steel using composite material electrodes in EDM

312-322Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM), a non-traditional material removal process has been well recognized for its ability for precision machining of electrically conducting hard materials. Repetitive heating and cooling of the workpiece surface during the machining make the surface hard. During this process, the transfer of material into workpiece surface due to diffusion of material from the tool electrodes results in the desire surface modifications. This paper investigates the effect of electric discharge machining on H11 die-steel materials with composite material electrodes fabricated by stir casting as well as powder metallurgy process. Copper (85% by weight) has been used as matrix material with tungsten and carbon nanotubes (10%-5% by weight). The performance of fabricated composite electrodes has also been compared with conventional copper electrode. Microhardness achieved has been found to be best when H11 die-steel surface is machined with composite electrodes fabricated by powder metallurgy process. Also, the microhardness has been enhanced by 19.57% with optimal input parameters. Results show that optimum microhardness has been observed at high peak current value when surface is machined with copper conventional electrode while pulse on time has been found to the major contributor when surface is machined by composite material electrode. XRD analysis indicates the formation of tungstencarbide, iron-carbide, chromium- nickel and copper on the machined surface of the workpiece